8.2 Losses in process costing
Normal loss is the amount of loss expected from the operation of a process. This expe
ctation is based on past experience, and this loss is considered to be unavoidable.
Abnormal loss is then extra loss resulting when actual loss is greater than normal or expected loss, and it is given a cost.
Abnormal gain is the gain resulting when actual loss is less than the normal or expected loss, and its is given a “negative cost”。
Example 1
Input to a process is 1000 units at a cost of $4500
Normal loss is 10%
There is no opening or closing stocks
?。?)output = 860 units
?。?)output = 920 units
Solution:
(1)output = 860 units
Step 1: determine output and losses
units
Actual Loss 1000 units-860 units 140
Normal Loss 1000 units x 10% 100
Abnormal loss 40
Step 2: calculate cost per unit of output and losses
Cost incurred = $4,500 = $5 per unit
Expected output 1000 units x 90%
The cost per unit of output and the cost per units of abnormal loss are based on expected output.
Step 3: calculate total cost of output and losses
Calculate total cost of output and losses; normal loss is not assigned any cost.
Simply, total cost of output = total cost of input
$
Cost of output 860 units x $5 4,300
Normal loss 0
Abnormal loss 40 units x $5 200
Total cost 4500
Step 4: complete accounts
Process account
Unit
$
Unit
$
Cost incurred
1000
4500
Normal loss
100
0
Output(finished goods a/c)
860 x $5
4300
Abnormal loss
40 x $5
200
1000
4500
Abnormal loss account
Unit
$
Unit
$
Process account
40
200
Profit/loss account
40
200
40
200
40
200
2012年ACCA考試《F2管理會計》講義輔導(dǎo)(33)
?。?)output = 920 units
Step 1: determine output and losses
$
Actual loss 1000 units – 920 units 80
Normal loss 1000 units x 10% 100
Abnormal gain 20
Step 2: calculate cost per unit of output and losses
Costs incurred = $4,500 = $5 per unit
Expected output 900 units
Step 3: calculate total cost of output and losses
$
Cost of output 920 units x $5 4600
Normal loss 0
Less: abnormal gain 20 units x $5 (100)
Total cost 4500
Step 4: complete accounts
Process account
Unit
$
Unit
$
Cost incurred
1000
4500
Normal loss
100
0
Abnormal gain
20 x $5
100
Output(finished goods a/c)
920 x $5
4600
1000
4600
1000
4600
Abnormal gain account
Unit
$
Unit
$
Profit/loss account
20
100
Process account
20
100
20
100
20
100
Example 2:
Period 1: costs of input to a process = $29070
Inputs = 1000 units
Outputs = 850 units
Normal loss = 10%
Period 2: costs of input = $29070
Inputs = 1000 units
Output = 950 units
There are no units of opening or closing inventory
Solution:
Step 1: determine output and losses
Period 1: Units
Input 1000
Actual output 850
Actual loss 150
Normal loss 100 1000 units x 10%
Abnormal loss 50
Period 2: Units
Input 1000
Actual output 950
Actual loss 50
Normal loss 100 1000 units x 10%
Abnormal gain 50
Step 2: calculate cost per unit of output and losses
Cost incurred = $29,070 = $32.30 per unit
Expected output 900 units
Step 3: calculate total cost of output and losses
Period 1:
$
Cost of output 850 units x $32.50 27455
Normal loss 0
Abnormal loss 50 units x $32.30 1615
Total cost 29070
Period 2:
$
Cost of output 950 units x $32.30 30685
Normal loss 0
Less: Abnormal gain 50 units x $32.30 (1615)
Total cost 29070
Process account
Unit
$
Unit
$
Period 1
Normal loss
100
0
Cost of input
1000
29070
Output(finished goods a/c)
850 x $32.30
27455
Abnormal loss
50 x $32.30
1615
1000
29070
1000
29070
Unit
$
Unit
$
Period 2
Normal loss
100
0
Cost of input
1000
29070
Output(finished goods a/c)
950 x $32.30
30685
Abnormal gain
50 x $32.30
1615
1050
30685
1050
30685
Abnormal loss or gain account
Unit
$
Unit
$
Abnormal loss
1615
Abnormal gain
1615
1615
1615
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