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　　Value analysis, otherwise known as ‘cost engineering’ and ‘value engineering’， is a technique in which a firm’s products, and maybe those of its competitors, are subjected to a critical and systematic examination by a small group of specialists. They can be representing various functions such as design, production, sales and finance.
　　Value analysis asks of a product the following questions:
　　§ Does the use of the product contribute value?
　　§ Is its cost proportionate to its usefulness?
　　§ Does it need all of its features?
　　§ Is there anything better for the intended use?
　　§ Can a usable part be made better at lower cost?
　　§ Can a standard product be found which will be equally usable?
　　§ Is it made on appropriate tooling, considering the quantities used?
　　§ Do material, labour, overheads and profit constitute total cost?
　　§ Is anyone buying it for less than its stated price?
　　The strategic implications can be measured in terms of a component’s relative cost versus its relative performance. There are four different situations:
　　1 If a component is both more expensive than and inferior to that of a competitor, a strategic problem requiring change might be necessary. It could be, however, that the component is such a small item in terms of both cost and impact on the customer that it should be ignored.
　　2 If the component is competitively superior, a value analysis, where a component’s value to the customer is quantified, may suggest a price increase or promotion campaign.
　　3 If a component is less expensive than but inferior to that of a competitor, a value analysis might suggest either de-emphasising that part or upgrading the relative rating.
　　4 If a component is less expensive than and superior to that of a competitor, a value analysis might suggest that component is emphasised, perhaps playing a key role in promotion and positioning strategies.
　　A cost advantage may be obtained in many ways, e.g. economies of scale, the experience curve, product design innovations and the use of ‘no-frills’ product offering. Each provides a different way of competing on the basis of cost advantage.
　　Test your understanding 9
　　The Swiss watchmaker Swatch reportedly used target costing in order to produce relatively low cost watches in a country with one of the world’s highest hourly labour wage rates.
　　Suggest ways in which Swatch may have reduced their unit costs for each watch.
　　4.3 back-flush accounting and traditional process accounting
　　Advantages of switching to back-flush accounting:
　　§ It is a simpler costing system resulting in lower accounting costs.www.Examw.com
　　§ It avoids the need to record production costs sequentially as items move through step-by-step operations in the production process.
　　§ When inventory levels are low or constant, it yields the same results as traditional costing methods would.
　　Disadvantages of switching to back-flush accounting:
　　§ It provides less detailed management information than traditional costing system.
　　§ A more detailed audit trail is absent.
　　§ There are additional costs for stocktaking.
　　§ Extra training is necessary.
　　Other comments
　　§ It is therefore appropriate in a mature just in time （JIT） environment where there is a short production cycle, and inventories are low.
　　§ It is not appropriate for manufacturing environment where inventory levels are high, due to the problems of counting and valuing the inventory at the end of each period.
　　§ Controlling production is more difficult under back-flush accounting as detail and variance information is lost. Other aspects, such as non-financial target related to quality, need to be considered instead.
　　小編寄語：只要功夫深，鐵杵磨成針。考試也是這樣，只要夠努力，功到自然成。
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