1. An individual wants to invest $100,000 and is considering the following stocks:

 

stock

Expected Return

Standard Deviation of Returns

A

12%

15%

B

16%

24%

The expected correlation of returns for the two stocks is +0.5. If the investor invests $40,000 in Stock A and $60,000 in Stock B, the expected standard deviation of returns on the portfolio will be:
A. Equal to 20.4%

B. Greater than 20.4% because the correlation coefficient is greater than zero

C. Less than 20.4%
 

Correct answer = C  stock A和B若完全正相關(guān),則expected standard deviation of returns of portfolio = 15%*40000 /(40000+60000) + 24% *60000 / (40000+60000) = 20.4%,題中stock A和B相關(guān)系數(shù)<1,則其組合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差必小于20.4%;或者直接計(jì)算。  
答案是一種解釋,兩種股票組合的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差在二者是完全正相關(guān)的情況下*5。如果A和B是完全正相關(guān)的,那么組合的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差是1 5%×40000 / (40000 + 60000) + 24%×60000 / (40000 + 60000) = 20.4%,但是A和B的相關(guān)系數(shù)是0.5,小于1,所以組合標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差小于20.4%。直接計(jì)算:[(15%)2×0.42 + (24%)2×0.62 +2×0.4×0.6×0.5×0.15×0.24]1/2 =18.16 %

2. The correlation coefficient of two variables is positive, which one is least likely correct?
A.        the increase of one variable is caused by the increase of the other one
B.        the decrease of one variable is caused by the decrease of the other one
C.        the two variables are linearly relatedCorrect answer = C
When the correlation coefficient of two variables is positive, the two variables are related, but are not always linearly related.
假設(shè)兩個(gè)變量是線性關(guān)系的前提下,我們可以計(jì)算相關(guān)系數(shù);如果相關(guān)系數(shù)等于零,說(shuō)明兩者沒(méi)有線性關(guān)系,但是可能有其他關(guān)系;如果相關(guān)系數(shù)不等于零,只是說(shuō)在性線關(guān)系假設(shè)的前提下,兩者有關(guān)系,可能是A導(dǎo)致B的變化,也可能是B導(dǎo)致A的變化,也有可能其他變化導(dǎo)致了A的變化。
題目是問(wèn)Least likely,兩者之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)為正,說(shuō)明在線性關(guān)系假設(shè)的前提下,可能是A導(dǎo)致B的變化,也可能是B導(dǎo)致A的變化,也有可能其他變化導(dǎo)致了A的變化;而不能反過(guò)來(lái)說(shuō),A和B是有線性關(guān)系的。
例如,Y=X*X,對(duì)于數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)(X,Y):(1,1),(2,4),(3,9),兩者的相關(guān)系數(shù)為正的,但是不能說(shuō)X和Y是線性關(guān)系,它們是二次關(guān)系。
 

  
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